at 388-89, 652 P. 2d at 1134. The necessary elements of an "injury in fact" include: 1) an actual or threatened injury, which 2) is traceable to the challenged action, and 3) is likely to be remedied by favorable judicial action. See Puna Geothermal, 77 Hawai'i at 70, 881 P. 2d at 1216; accord Pele Defense Fund v. Paty (Pele ), 73 Haw. 578, 615, 837 P. 2d 1247, 1257-58 (1992), cert. denied, 113 S.