To assess pyrethroid exposure, we used urinary metabolite measurements of 3-PBA, cis-DCCA, and trans-DCCA in spot urine samples provided by participants during the physical examination. The metabolite 3-PBA represents exposure to permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, allethrin, resmethrin, fenvalerate, cyhalothrin, fenpropathrin, and tralomethrin; and cis– and trans- DCCA represent exposure to the cis- and trans- isomers, respectively, of permethrin, cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin (Barr et al. 2010; CDC 2009). Two other pyrethroid metabolites [4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid.
For pyrethroids, five urinary metabolites were measured: 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-F-3-PBA), cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclop?ropane-1-carboxylicacid (cis-DBCA), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo?propanecarboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo?propanecarboxylic acid (trans-DCCA), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). The laboratory methods can be found elsewhere [Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) 2009a, 2009b].